Union democracy

Edelstein, J. David, and Malcolm Warner. 1976. Comparative union democracy: organisation and opposition in British and American unions. New York: Wiley.

• this text looks at a large number of British and American unions, attempts to understand oligarchy and democracy through the lens of top-level elections, specifically the closeness of these elections, using statistical modelling 
• its a long, complicated model that describes the variables that are likely to be correlated with un/successful electoral opposition
• doesn't look closely at participation, more interested in finding an theory of organization (and the institutions of an organization)